Digital signature benchmarks

Single-core mean results shown as operations per second across platforms, crypto backends, algorithms, raw operations, JWT operations, and key reuse modes. Tests use the jsonwebtoken-pq-experimental toolkit.

Algorithms
24
Platforms
6
Backends
6
Fastest visible result: 13.8M ops/s for HMAC-SHA-256 on Apple M4 Max with RustCrypto 20260809 (Sign, reuse key).

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Results

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OperationKey modeMean
Apple M4 MaxRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key13.8M ops/s72.4 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key6.99M ops/s143 ns
Apple M4 MaxBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key6.83M ops/s146 ns
Apple M4 MaxAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key6.54M ops/s153 ns
Intel Xeon 6952PRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key6.05M ops/s165 ns
Raspberry Pi 5RustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key5.97M ops/s167 ns
Apple M4 MaxRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key5.55M ops/s180 ns
Apple M4 MaxRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key5.51M ops/s182 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key4.81M ops/s208 ns
Intel Xeon 6442YRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key4.79M ops/s209 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key4.02M ops/s249 ns
Apple M4 MaxAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key3.86M ops/s259 ns
Apple M4 MaxAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key3.83M ops/s261 ns
Intel Xeon 6952PAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key3.53M ops/s283 ns
Intel Xeon 6952PBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key3.18M ops/s315 ns
Apple M4 MaxBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key2.94M ops/s341 ns
Apple M4 MaxBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key2.91M ops/s344 ns
Intel Xeon 6442YAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key2.89M ops/s346 ns
Raspberry Pi 5AWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key2.73M ops/s367 ns
Raspberry Pi 5BoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key2.62M ops/s381 ns
Intel Xeon 6442YBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key2.56M ops/s391 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key2.32M ops/s430 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key2.32M ops/s430 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.96M ops/s509 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.96M ops/s510 ns
Intel Xeon 6952PRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.92M ops/s521 ns
Intel Xeon 6952PRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.91M ops/s523 ns
Intel Xeon 6952PAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.59M ops/s627 ns
Intel Xeon 6952PAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.59M ops/s627 ns
Intel Xeon E5-2637 v2RustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.47M ops/s679 ns
Intel Xeon 6442YRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.45M ops/s690 ns
Intel Xeon 6442YRustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.44M ops/s692 ns
Raspberry Pi 5RustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.36M ops/s737 ns
Raspberry Pi 5RustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.35M ops/s742 ns
Intel Xeon E5-2637 v2AWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.32M ops/s756 ns
Intel Xeon 6442YAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.30M ops/s771 ns
Intel Xeon 6442YAWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.30M ops/s772 ns
Apple M4 MaxwolfSSL 20260809SignReuse key1.23M ops/s813 ns
Apple M4 MaxwolfSSL 20260809SignReuse key1.20M ops/s833 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key1.19M ops/s837 ns
Apple M4 MaxwolfSSL 20260809SignReuse key1.19M ops/s837 ns
Intel Xeon 6960PBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key1.19M ops/s840 ns
Intel Xeon E5-2637 v2RustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.16M ops/s859 ns
Intel Xeon E5-2637 v2RustCrypto 20260809SignReuse key1.16M ops/s861 ns
Intel Xeon E5-2637 v2AWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.09M ops/s915 ns
Intel Xeon E5-2637 v2AWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.09M ops/s916 ns
Raspberry Pi 5AWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.07M ops/s935 ns
Raspberry Pi 5AWS-LC 5.5.0-devSignReuse key1.07M ops/s937 ns
Intel Xeon 6952PBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key982K ops/s1.02 us
Intel Xeon 6952PBoringSSL 0.20260803.0SignReuse key982K ops/s1.02 us

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